Ice Surface of the Moon
Temperatures on most of the Moon’s surface are too extreme for water or ice to exist, ranging from a maximum of 127°C (261°F) at lunar noon to a minimum of -173°C (-279°F) just before lunar dawn. Temperatures in permanently shadowed areas near the lunar poles, however, may consistently be as low as -220°C (-364°F). In 1996 a team working with data gathered by the Clementine spacecraft announced that frozen water may exist in one of these shadowed areas near the Moon’s south pole. Clementine was a joint venture by the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The spacecraft’s radar showed what may be an 8,000 sq km (3,000 sq mi) area covered with a mixture of dirt and ice crystals. Clementine was launched in 1994 and gathered data for four months. NASA launched the Lunar Prospector spacecraft toward the Moon in 1998. Prospector returned data confirming the Clementine discovery and suggesting that a significant amount of water exists in the dar